1. In early civilization, the cause of illness was attributed to:
a. Infectious disease
b. Microorganisms
c. Contaminated food and water
d. Natural and supernatural forces
Answer: d
Rationale: In early civilization, illness was attributed to natural and supernatural forces.
Nursing Process: Assessment
Client Needs: Physiological Integrity
2. The first understanding of disease processes occurred in (the):
a. Earlycivilization
b. 21st century
c. 19th century
d. Middle Ages
Answer: c
Rationale: In the 19th century, the development of bacteriology helped in the understanding of 
disease processes.
Nursing Process: Assessmen