Cardiovascular Notes ATF pdf ebook for nursing and medical school
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The heart is located in the middle mediastinum of the thorax, protected by the pericardium. It has four chambers: two thin-walled atria that receive blood and two thick-walled ventricles that pump blood. The heart is made up of three layers - the outer epicardium, middle muscular myocardium, and inner endocardium. It is surrounded by a fibrous skeleton that partitions the chambers and anchors the heart within the chest. The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs through a dual circulatory system.